Super Duper Free Extra Credit

So I was given these two pictures.

And was asked to determine the phenotype of the father of these cute pups. Soooo what we know...

There are 12 puppies.

The Mother is a yellow.

5 of the pups are brown.

The remaining 7 are black.

So right off the bat, we know that mom has to be:

    eebb

    eeBB

    eeBb

We also know that the offspring are about half brown half black. So we have to find a pair of parents that result in half:

    Eebb / EEbb

and half:

    EEBB / EEBb / EeBb / EeBB

So after fiddling around with a few Punnet Squares, I found that:

The Fathers Phenotype must be EEBb.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Here are some notes that I took on Mitosis and Meiosis

A chromosome is just coiled up DNA

S phase of Replication of DNA

Replicates the other side of the chromosome

 

     Sister Chromatids are connected by Centromere

     Split the sister chromatids to get two single chromatids

Mitosis

Interphase

G1

   Growth

   Normal living

S

   Protein Synthesis

   DNA Replication

G2

   Getting ready to mitosis

(M) Mitotic Phase

Mitosis

   Split the Chromosome into two

Cytokinesis

   Splitting of the cells into two separate cells

Checkpoints

Basically…

When checkpoint is down, it is like a green light

When checkpoint is up, it is like a red light

Controlling Mitosis

Caused by fluctuation between MPF activity and the enzyme Cyclin

 

Eukaryote

Process by which the contents of the eukaryotic nucleus are separated into two genetically identical packages

Start with sister chromatids in a cell nucleus

Interphase

Prophase

The nuclear envelope disintegrates

Metaphase

Sister Chromatids move toward the center

Then they attach their centromeres to spindle fibers

Anaphase

The Sister Chromatids split into single chromosomes

Pac-man...eat away at the spindle fibers which causes movements

Telephase

Nuclear envelope forms each set of chromosomes

Prokaryote

No  nucleus --> no mitosis

Binary Fission

Meiosis

At the start, each chromosome finds its homologous counterpart

Crossing over occurs.

Spindles pull the homologs apart. Sister Chromatids are not split

Repeat.

Creates four cells. Each with one copy of each chromosome.

El Pedigrí

This is a blog...about a class...where we spoke about pedigrees.

So to sum up the purpose of all of this before I start, there are a few different cases of shown by pedigrees:

Autosomal Dominant: This means that the mutation is dominant over normal. So to be effected, you could either be AA or Aa.

Autosomal Recessive: This means that normal is dominant over effected. So to be effected, you could must be aa.

Sex-Linked (Either Dominant or Recessive): Pretty much the same thing as Autosomal, but deals with a Sex-Linked Disease. Distinguishable because you know that a son can only get a disease from his mother.


So this is a Pedigree. It shows a family tree, but pays specific attention to a specific trait that has been passed on. The filled in squares/circles represent the effected.

Genetics

Cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of two traits.

Each plant, meiosis produces genotypes of a single gamete

When these two plants combine, they produce plants that are heterozygous and purple and tall.

This F1 offspring goes through meiosis and produces four different gametes.

Punnett Square with two of these offspring

9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio in the F2 offspring

Evidence of genes on different nonhomologous chromosomes

Epistasis - the products of different genes that interact to produce a phenotype

      Basically when two genes work together to produce a trait

      I.E. Labs
   

Incomplete dominance

     Dominance is usually not complete, since both alleles in a              heterozygous phenotype may be expressed in the phenotype

     I.E. Roses

          AA - red

          aa - white

          Aa - pink

          Two separate genes, but when heterozygous, produces a mixture

Codominance

     When two alleles are inherited

     One from momma

     One from poppa

Multiple Alleles

     When new alleles rise through mutation

     When more than two possible alleles for a trait exist                   

Sex-linked Genes

     Any gene located on a sex chromosome